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Canadian  Institr  te  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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ned/ 
liqudes 


1/ 
jntai^o 


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d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  teile 
empreinte. 

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dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
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VOLTA   BUREAU. 


MARRIAGE 


AN  ADDRESS  TD   :M  DEAF 


BY 


ALEXANDER  (iRAHAM  BELL. 


THIRD  HDITION 
l'/i//i  ail  Afipnidix  upon 

CONSANGUINEOUS  MARRIAGES. 


1 


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WAvSHINGTON,  1).  C.  : 
Sandicrs  Printing  Ofkick,  mi4  Q  Street. 

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VOLTA  BUREAU, 


id! 


MARRIAGE 


An  Address  delivered  to  the  Memhers  of  the  Literary  Society  of  Kendall 

Oreen,  Washington.  1).  O  ,  March  C,  18<)1, 

By  Alexandeh  Gkaham  Bell. 


My  Dear  T'iiiENDS : 

It  always  gives  me  pleasure  to  respond  to  the  .'  /itation  of 
the  members  of  the  Literary  St)cietyof  Kendall  Gr  en  ;  and  it 
will  always  be  my  object  in  addressing  you  to  choose  subjects 
that  will  be  of  interest  and  importance  to  you  in  your  future 
Hves.  You  have  come  together  here  from  every  part  of  the 
United  States  to  receive  in  the  National  College  for  Deoi- 
Mutes  that  higher  education  which  you  cannot  obtain  in  tlie 
States  from  which  you  cnme. 

In  a  very  little  while— it  may  bo  in  one  year,  or  two  years, 
or  more — you  will  sepai-ate  from  one  another,  and  each  go  back 
singly  to  the  places  from  which  you  came  to  begin  the  battle 
of  life.  You  will  go  out  into  the  great  world,  the  world  of 
hearing  and  speaking  people ;  a  world  of  people  who  cannot 
spell  upon  their  fingers  or  make  signs.  Ai'e  you  prepared  for 
that  change,  and  what  is  to  be  your  position  in  that  world  1 

I  would  have  you  all  remember  that  you  yourselves  are  a 
part  of  that  great  world  of  hearing  and  speaking  people.  You 
are  not  a  race  distinct  and  apart,  and  you  must  fulfil  the  duties 
of  life  and  make  your  way  to  honorable  positions  among  hear- 
ing and  speaking  people. 

Now,  I  have  considered  what  subject  I  could  bring  to  your 
attention  to-night,  the  consideration  of  which  would  be  of  as- 
sistance to  you  when  you  go  out  into  the  world ;  and  there  is 
no  subject.  I  am  sure,  that  lies  closer  to  your  hearts  than  the 
subject  of  marriage. 

It  is  a  very  difficult  thing  for  me  to  speak  to  you  upon  that 
subject,  because  I  know  ^hatan  idea  has  gone  fo)t-),  and  is  very 
generally  beheved  in  by  the  deaf  of  tliis  country,  that  I  want 
to  prevent  you  from  marrying  as  you  choose,  and  that  I  have 
tried  to  pass  &  law  to  interfere  with  ypui-  marriages.     But,  my 


1 


frienilK,  it,  is  not,  true.  I  lifivo  ncvor  doiio  Hucb  a  thing,  nor  do 
I  intend  to  ;  and  boforc  I  si)oak  upon  this  Hiibjpct  I  want  you 
diHtinctly  to  understand  that  I  liave  no  intention  of  interfering 
with  your  hberty  of  niariiage.  You  ean  marry  whom  you 
choose,  and  I  liope  ytni  will  be  hajjpy.  It  is  not  for  me  to 
blame  yt)u  for  marrying  to  suit  yournelveH,  for  you  all  know 
that  I  myself,  the  son  of  a  deaf  mother,  have  married  a  deaf 
wife. 

I  think,  however,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  every  good  marj  and 
every  good  woman  to  }'emember  that  children  follow  marriage, 
and  I  am  sure  that  there  is  no  on^'  among  the  deaf  who  desires 
to  have  his  aflrtiction  handed  down  to  his  children.  You  all 
know  that  I  have  devoted  considerable  study  and  thought  to 
the  subject  of  the  inheritance  of  deafness,  and  if  you  will  put 
away  prejudice  out  of  your  minds  and  take  up  my  researches 
relating  to  the  deaf,  you  will  lind  something  that  may  be  of 
value  to  you  all. 

We  all  know  that  some  of  the  deaf  have  doaf  children — not 
ail,  not  even  the  majority  —but  some,  a  comparatively  small  num- 
ber. In  the  vast  majority  of  cases  there  are  no  deaf  oifsjiring, 
but  in  the  remaining  cases  the  proportion  of  offspring  born 
deaf  is  very  lai'ge — so  large  as  to  cause  alarm  to  thoughtful 
minds.  "Will  it  not  be  of  interest  and  importance  to  you  to 
thid  out  why  these  few  have  deaf  offsin'ing  ?  It  may  not  be  of 
much  importance  to  you  to  inquire  whether  by  and  by,  in  a  hun- 
dred years  or  so,  we  may  have  a  deaf  ^■ariety  of  the  human 
race.  That  is  a  matter  of  great  interest  to  scientific  men,  but 
not  of  special  value  to  you.  What  you  want  to  know,  and  what 
you  are  interested  in,  is  this  :  are  you  yourself  liable  to  have 
deaf  offspring  ?  Now,  one  value  in  my  researches  that  you  will 
find  is  this  :  that  you  can  gain  information  that  may  assure  you 
thiit  you  may  increase  your  liability  to  have  deaf  offspring  or 
diminish  it,  according  to  the  \>'ay  in  which  j'ou  marry. 

The  Rev.  W.  AY.  Turner,  of  Hartford,  was  the  first,  I  think, 
who  showed  that  those  who  are  born  deaf  have  a  greater  lia- 
bility to  have  d  'af  offsjn'ing  than  those  who  are  not.  Ho 
showed  that  where  a  person  born  deaf  marries  another  person 
born  deaf,  that  in  this  case  about  one-third  of  the  children  are 
deaf.  iNIr.  Job  Williams,  the  present  principal  of  the  Hartford 
Institution,  has  still  more  recently  examined  the  subject ;  and 
in  a  letter  published  in  Science,  a  short  time  ago,  he  arrives  at 
the  same  conclusion  ;  about  one-third  are  born  dori.     In  1888, 


} 


\ 


Mr.  Connor,  tbo  principal  of  tlio  Georgia  InHtitntion,  mndo  jin 
examination  of  tlio  rcKiilts  of  tlic  marriages  of  his  pupils,  and 
liis  staiisticH  are  pitblisbed  in  I'^iietn  anif  Opitiiona  Jiclalhiij  to 
the  Deaf.  He  also  comes  to  tlie  same  conclusion  ;  about  onc- 
iliird  are  born  deaf. 

Tlie  tollowiug  table  will  show  you  the  exact  figures : 

Taiit,k  \.-CiiHCfrttin(/  the  itffKjrring  of  rtnipkn,  hath  of  whom  were  born 

deaf 


Autljority.' 


Turner  (1808).. 
Coiiiior  (1888)  . 
Williams  (181I1) 


24 

16 
52 


•       57 

17 

50 

19 

151    1 

i 

48 

20.8 
32.4 
31.8 


70.8 

118.7 

02.3 


It  is  obvious  that  persons  born  deaf  run  considerable  risk 
of  having  deaf  ofl'spring  if  they  maiTy  persons  who  ai"e  also 
born  deaf. 

If  we  take  all  the  marriages  of  congenitally  deaf  persons, 
without  reference  to  whether  they  manied  deaf  or  hearing 
persons,  we  have  five  indejiendent  sets  of  statistics  from  which 
ve  may  derive  information  regarding  the  eft'ects  upon  the  off- 
spring. (1)  My  own  researches  indicate  that  where  one,  or 
both,  of  the  parties  were  born  deaf,  there  will  be  fifteen  deaf 
children  in  every  hundred  families ;  (2)  Dr.  Gillett's  statistics 
give  eighteen  deaf  children  to  every  hundred  families ;  (3) 
Dr.  Turner's,  thirty-two ;  (4)  Mr.  Williams',  forty-seven,  and 
(Z))  Mr.  Connor's,  ninety-five. 


♦For  lluv.  W.  W.  Turner's  results,  see  my  Memoir,  p.  20.  For  Mr. 
Connor's  results,  .see  FaHx  nnd  Ofinionn  relating  to  the  Deaf  p.  Gl. 
For  Mr.  Job  Williiims'  figures,  see  Scienre  vol.  xvii,  p.  70,  published 
February  G,  1801.  Dr.  Gillett,  in  Scienre  (vol.  xvii,  p.  50,  January  30, 
11-01),  says  there  were  thirteen  eouples  in  the  Illinois  Institution  in 
which  both  parties  were  born  deaf.  One  of  these  eouples  had  two 
hearing  and  one  deaf  child.  He  does  not  state  how  many  children 
vere  born  to  the  other  twelve  couples,  but  says  they  could  all  hear. 


J* 


Tabl*  11.— Coneerning  t/ie  offspring  ofcoupkn,  one  or  both  of  wham  were 

born  deaf. 


Authority.* 


a 
1 


Turner  ("1808) 190 

Bell  (1883) \     300 

Connor  (1888) 22 


Gillott  (18',)1) 
Williams  (18',)1). 


71 
211 


S  It 

3 


m 

1.      o 

5  o  « 


01 
50 
21 

13   I   18.3 
101      47.8 


32.1 
15.,'i 

'jr..  4 


Persons  who  are  reported  deaf  from  birth,  as  a  class,  exhibit 
a  tendency  to  transmit  the  defect ;  and  yet  when  we  come  to 
individual  cases  we  cannot  decide  with  absolute  certainty  that 
any  one  was  born  deaf.  Some  who  are  reported  deaf  from 
birth  probably  lost  hearing  in  infancy  ;  others  rej^orted  deaf 
in  infancy  were  probably  born  deaf.  For  educational  purposes 
the  distinction  may  be  immaterial,  but  in  the  study  of  inherit- 
ance it  makes  all  the  difference  in  the  world  whether  the  deaf- 
ness occurred  before  or  after  birth.  Now,  in  my  researches  I 
think  I  have  found  a  surer  and  more  safe  guide  to  those  cases 
that  ai'e  liable  to  transmit  the  defect. 

The  new  guide  that  I  would  give  you  is  this :  Look  at  the 
family  rather  than  at  the  individuid.  You  will  find  in  certain 
families  that  one  child  is  deaf  and  all  the  rest  hearing,  the  an- 
cestors and  other  relatives  also  being  free  from  deafness.  This 
is  what  is  known  as  a  "  sj^oradic"  case  of  deafness — deafness 
which  afflicts  one  only  in  a  family. 

Well,  the  deafness  in  such  cases  may  be  accidental.  There 
is  no  proof  that  such  deafness  is  liable  to  be  inherited,  except- 
ing where  the  person  is  reported  deaf  from  birth.  In  the  vast 
majority  of  cases  reported  deaf  from  birth  there  is  an  un- 
doubted tendency  to  inheritance.  But  where  the  deafness  is 
caused  by  meningitis,  scarlet  fever,  or  like  causes — and  no  other 
case  of  deafness  exists  in  the  family — there  is  probably  little, 
if  any,  tendency  to  inheritance.  But  when  you  have  two  mem- 
bers of  one  family  deaf,  or  three,  or  four,  or  five,  there  you 


*  References  us  for  Table  I.     For  my  own  results,  see  Memoir ,  p.  25. 


i 


have  the  proof  that  a  tendency  to  deaTneas  exists  in  the  family. 
W  it  I  term  "  family  deafness  "  exists  there.  Something  has 
been  transmitted  froo.  the  parents  to  the  children  that  has 
caused  deafness,  or  helped  to  cause  it.  I  remember  a  case  in 
which  there  were  four  children  in  one  family  deaf,  and  none  of 
them  were  bom  dt  if.  One  child  became  deaf,  perhaps,  from 
measles,  another  from  ocarlet  fever,  etc.  I  do  not  now  remember 
exactly  what  causes  were  stated.  They  became  deaf,  however, 
at  different  times,  and  from  apparently  accidental  causes.  But 
can  we  consider  that  it  was  accidental  that  there  should  have 
been  four  children  in  one  family  deaf?  The  fact  that  a  num- 
ber of  children  in  the  sama  family  are  deaf  points  to  an  in- 
hterited  tendency  to  deafness  in  the  family.  One  result  of  my 
reseai'chos  is  to  show  the  great  importance  of  studying  the  re- 
sults of  marriages  of  persons  who  come  from  families  of  that 
kind.  My  results,  however,  until  verified  by  other  observers, 
should  be  received  as  probable  only,  and  not  certainly  proved. 

3o  far  as  I  can  find  out,  the  hereditary  character  of  the  de- 
fect in  a  family  is  roughly  indicated  by  the  proportion  of  the 
family  who  are  deaf.  If  you  make  a  fraction,  and  place  the 
number  of  deaf  children  above  as  the  numerator  and  the  total 
number  of  children  below  as  the  denominator,  for  example,  \, 
that  fraction  will  give  you  some  idea  of  the  tendency  to  deaf- 
ness in  that  family ;  one  child  in  six  is  deaf.  Again,  take  a 
case  in  which  thi-ee  out  of  six  are  deaf  (f ).  Now  the  tendency 
to  transmit  deafness  in  this  family  (J)  wLl  be  greater  than 
in  that  {\).  Every  member  of  the  first  family  (f ),  whether 
deaj^  or  hearing,  will  have  a  greater  tendency  to  have  deaf 
children  than  the  members  of  the  other  (^).  In  general,  the 
tendency  to  transmit  deafness  is  greatest  in  those  families  that 
have  the  largest  proportion  of  deaf  members,  and  smallest  in 
those  that  have  the  least.  This  conclusion  is  exceedingly 
probable,  and  should,  therefore,  be  taken  as  a  guide  by  those 
who  desire  to  avoid  the  production  of  deaf  offspiiug.  If  you 
maiTy  a  hearing  person  who  has  three  or  foui-  deaf  brothers 
and  tisters,  the  probabihty  of  your  having  deaf  children  will 
be  gicater  than  if  you  many  a  deaf  person  (not  bom  deaf)  who 
has  no  deaf  relatives. 

The  statistics  collated  by  me  {Memoir,  p.  25)  indicate  that 
816  maniages  of  deaf-mutes  produce  82  deaf  children.  In 
other  words,  every  100  marriages  are  productive  of  10  deaf 
children.     That  is  a  result  independent  of  the  cause  of  deaf- 


8 

ness — an  average  of  all  cases  considered.  Eliminating  40  cases 
where  the  cause  of  deafness  is  not  given,  I  divide  the  remain- 
ing 776  cases  into  4  classes. 

Class  1.  Persons  not  born  deaf,  who  have  no  deaf  relati\a8. 

Class  2.  Persons  not  bom  deaf,  who  have  deaf  relatives. 

Class  3.  Persons  bom  aeaf,  who  have  no  dwaf  relatives. 

Class  4.  Persons  born  deaf,  who  have  deaf  relatives. 

Table  III. 


Class  1.  Not.  born  deaf.     No  deuf  relativas 

Glass  2.  Not  born  deaf .     Deaf  relatives 

Clasp  a.  Bern  deaf.     No  deaf  relatives 

Glass  4.  Born  deaf.     Deaf  relatives 


f5 


a 


t4    O 

g  O  D 


3C3 

53 

130 

230 


17 

5 

15 

41 


4.7 

9.4 

11.5 

17.8 


The  percentage  results  are  shown  by  themselves  in  the  fol- 
lowing table  (Table  IV).  in  which  the  figures  indicate  the 
number  of  deaf  children  produced  by  eve^ry  100  marriages  of 
persons  belonging  to  classes  1,  2,  3,  and  4. 


Tabll 

IV. 

Teriod  of  life  when  dtalucss  occtj'  -ed. 

Chauaoteii  of  the  Deafness. 

Sporadic  deafuesH.    j     Family  dcufm--^. 

Afterbirth 

Birth     

4.7 
11.5 

!).4 
17.8 

My  statistics  are  confessedly  very  imperfect,  and  many  per- 
sons have  hastily  concluded  that  the  results  ai-o,  therefore,  of 
no  value  or  significance.  This,  however,  is  not  the  case,  for 
the  imperfection  of  the  statistics  assures  us  that  the  figures 
given  ai'e  a U  under-cstimates — the  true  nuniber  of  deaf  children 
in  every  case  being  greater  than  that  mentioned.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  all  the  statistics  since  collected  by  otiiers  ha\o  shown 
larger  percentages.     ,,     ...       '      .  .-      -  .  ■  •]  I 


ir.^-^^y.  c&SSiSiSe.- 


9 


;mg  40  cases 
the  remain- 

i£  relati\;)8. 
elatives. 
latives. 
ives. 


1 

u 

"§ 

iSgS 

"O  p 

^1 

Ijl 

a 

s 

^•ss; 

K 

& 

17 

4.7 

5 

9.4 

15 

11. .5 

41 

17.8 

s  in  the  fol- 

ndicate  the 

larriaj 

fes  of 

Deafsesh. 


nily  deiifui'--. 


!).4 
17.8 


1  many  per- 
herefore,  of 
he  case,  for 
the  figures 
leaf  children 
As  a  matter 
ha\o  shown 


While  it  is  believed  thtt  the  true  percentages  are  larger 
than  those  given,  it  is  probable  that  they  are  proportionately 
larger,  so  that  we  may  conclude  with  probable  accuracy  that 
persons  belonging  to  Class  4  ai'e  moi  e  liable  to  have  deaf  chil- 
dren than  those  belonging  to  Cluss  3 ;  those  of  Class  3  more 
liable  than  those  of  Class  2 ;  and  those  belonging  to  Class  1  are 
the  least  hable  of  any  to  have  deaf  offspring.  The  relative 
liabilities  are  probably  represented  by  the  percentage  figures. 

The  results  are  imperfect  from  another  cause.  The  Insti- 
tution reports,  from  which  the  statistics  were  compiled,  did 
not  give  details  conceiving  both  the  parties  to  a  maiTiage. 

It  would  be  stated  that  Mi*,  so-and-so  "married  a  deaf-mute," 
but  no  information  would  be  given  as  to  whether  hia  wife  was 
born  deaf  or  not,  or  whether  shf  had  or  had  not  deaf  relatives. 
I  have  only  been  able,  therefore,  to  classify  the  mai'riages  by 
one  side.  For  example,  the  results  noted  for  Class  1  give  the 
summation  of  all  marriages  of  persons  not  born  deaf  who  have 
no  deaf  relatives,  quite  regardless  of  the  fact  that  some  of 
them  married  congenital  deaf-mutes,  others  semi-mutes,  and 
still  others  hearing  persons.  We  may  deduce,  however,  from 
the  figures  that,  if  the  husband  belongs  to  Class  1,  his  liability 
to  have  deaf  offspiing  will  be  greatest  if  his  wife  belongs  to 
Class  4,  and  least  if  she  belongs  to  Class  1,  etc. 

Now  that  Prof.  Fay  has  taken  up  the  subject,  I  hope  that 
we  may  obtain  statistics  of  greater  accuracy  and  importance 
than  any  yet  compiled. 

When  we  obtain  statistics  classified  by  both  parties  to  the 
marriage,  I  think  it  will  be  found  that  where  persons  belong- 
ing to  Class  1  marry  persons  also  belonging  to  Class  1,  thei'e 
will  be  no  deaf  offspring,  or,  at  least,  that  the  percentage  of 
deaf  offspring  will  be  insignificant.  For  siu-ely  accidental  deaf- 
ness is  no  more  hable  to  be  iixherited  than  the  accidental  loss 
of  an  arm,  in  battle,  for  instance.  If,  however,  a  person  born 
without  an  arm  should  man-y  a  person  also  born  without  an 
arm,  eome  of  the  childien  would  probably  exhibit  the  same 
defect.  In  a  similai*  manner  persons  belonging  to  Classes  2, 
3,  and  4  exhibit  a  decided  tendency  to  transmit  deafness  to 
tbeir  offspring. 

Now,  there  is  a  law  of  heredity  that  may  afford  great  com- 
fort to  many  of  the  deaf — the  law  of  Reversion.  There  is  a 
very  strong  tendency  in  offspring  to  revert  to  the  normal  type 
of  the  race.     It  requires  constant  selection  from  generation  to 


f  r 


^>iMwi.«^"W»i'^igfe"ot^^;V|»<v^>^)p;^^^^^^ 


10 


I 


rt 


goueration  on  both  aides  to  perpetuate  any  abnorma  peculiarity. 
There  will  always,  therefore,  be  a  tendency  to  produce  hear- 
ing children  rather  than  deaf,  excepting  in  cases  where  both 
parties  to  a  marriage  come  from  families  belonging  to  Glasses 
2,  3,  and  4. 

PROBABILITIES   FOB    YOUR   OUIDANOK. 

Whatever  may  be  the  character  of  the  deafness  in  your  own 
case,  you  will  probably  diminish  your  liability  to  have  deaf  off- 
spring— 

1.  By  marrying  a  hearing  person  in  whose 

family  there  is  no  deafness. 

2.  By  man-ying  a  deaf  person  (not  bom  deaf) 

who  has  no  deaf  relatives  (Glass  1),  or 
a  healing  brother  or  sister  of  such  a  per- 
son. 
On  the  other  hand,  you  will  probably  increase  your  Uability 
to  have  deaf  offspiing — 

1.  By  marrying  a  deaf  person  (not  bom  deaf) 

who  has  deaf  relatives  (Glass  2),   or  a 
hearing  brother  or  sister  of  such  a  person. 

2.  By  marrying  a  deaf  person  (bom  deaf)  who 

has  no  deaf  relatives  (Class  3),  or  a  hear- 
ing brother  or  sister  of  such  a  person. 

3.  By  marrying  a  deaf  person  (bom  deaf)  who 

has  deaf  relatives  (Class  4),  or  a  hearing 
brother  or  sister  of  such  a  person. 

Of  course,  if  you  yourself  v/ere  bom  deaf,  or  have  deaf  rela- 
tives, it  is  perf '  ctly  possible  that  in  any  event  some  of  your 
children  may  be  deaf.  StiU,  I  am  inchned  to  think  that  if  you 
marry  a  member  of  a  family  in  which  there  is  no  deafness  (or 
only  a  single  case  of  non-congenital  deafness),  you  will  not 
only  have  fewer  deaf  children  than  if  you  married  into  a  family 
containing  a  congenital  deaf-mute,  or  a  number  of  deaf  persons, 
but  the  deafness  of  youx  children  will  not  tend  so  strongly  to 
bo  handed  down  to  the  grandchildren.  The  tendency  to  in- 
heritance will  be  weakened  in  the  one  case  and  intensified  in 
the  other.  That  is,  in  the  former  case  your  deaf  child  will  have 
a  less  tendency  to  transmit  his  defect  to  his  children  than  you 
yourself  possess ;  in  the  latter  case,  a  greater  teiidency. 

Take  the  case  of  a  family  in  which  thi'oe  or  four  children  are 
born  deaf. 

Now,  suppose  that  all  the  members  of  this  family  and  their 


m 


rity. 
lear- 
hoth 

Bses 


own 
off- 


)ility 


rel&- 
your 

you 
s  (or 

not 
mily 
3onB, 

y  to 
o  in- 
d  in 

lave 

you 


:';™M\v 


lare 


bheir 


11 


deaf  descendants  are  careful  to  marry  only  into  families  which 
are  free  from  deafness,  or  which  contain  only  single  cases  of 
non-congenital  deafness.  Then  the  probabilities  are  tliat  at 
each  generation  the  percentage  of  children  born  deaf  will  be 
less  and  the  ))roportion  of  heai-ing  children  greater,  until  finally 
the  deaf  tendency  disappears  and  all  the  descendants  will  hear. 
On  the  other  hand,  suppose  that  the  members  of  this  family 
and  theii-  deaf  descendants  marry  into  families  containing  a 
congenital  deaf-mute,  or  containing  several  deaf  persons.  Then 
the  probabilities  are  that  at  each  generation  the  percentage  of 
children  born  deaf  will  increase  and  the  proportion  of  hearing 
children  will  be  less,  until  finally  the  tendency  to  produce 
hearing  offspring  disappears  and  all  the  descendants  will  be 
deaf.  This  family  would  then  constitute  a  deaf  variety  of  the 
race,  in  which  deaf  offspring  would  be  the  rule  and  hearmg 
offspring  the  exception. 

Now,  the  point  that  I  would  impress  upon  you  all  is  the  sig- 
nificance of  family  deafness.  I  would  have  you  remember 
that  all  the  members  of  a  family  in  which  there  are  a  number 
of  deai-mutes  have  a  liability  to  produce  deaf  offspring,  the 
Iiearing  members  of  the  family  as  well  as  the  deaf  members. 

This,  I  think,  is  the  explanation  of  the  curious  fact  that  the 
congenitally  deaf  pupils  of  the  Hartford  Institution  who  mar- 
ried hearing  persons  had  a  larger  percentage  of  deaf  children 
than  those  who  manied  deaf-mutes.  It  is  probable  that  many 
of  the  hearing  persons  they  married  had  brothers  or  sisters 
who  loere  born  deaf. 

Cases  will  constantly  aiise  in  which  a  proposed  maniage 
will  appear  undesirable  and  desirable  both  at  the  same  time. 

For  example,  a  semi-mute  having  no  deaf  relatives  may  form 
an  attachment  for  a  congenitally  deaf  person  in  whose  family 
deafness  may  be  hereditary.  Of  course,  I  have  nothing  to  say 
as  to  what  the  young  people  should  do.  That  is  a  matter  for 
them  to  decide.  I  cannot  even  undertake  to  advise.  The 
semi-mute  will  have  no  tendency  to  have  deaf  children  if  he 
or  she  w  ill  maVry  a  person  of  similar  kind  (Class  1),  or  man-y 
a  hearing  person  belonging  to  a  family  in  which  there  is  no 
deafness.  Hence,  this  person,  '->y  marrying  a  congenitally 
deaf  person  in  whose  family  deafness  is  hereditary,  will  create 
a  liability  to  have  deaf  offspring  which  would  not  otherwise 
exist.  From  this  point  of  view  the  marriage  is  undesirable.' 
On  the  other  hand,  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  person 


12 


< 


born  (loaf  suoli  a  marriage  is  extremely  defirable,  for  it  will 
diminish  the  hereditary  tendency  in  iiis  family.  In  such  a  case 
the  fiiends  of  one  party  would  probably  favor  the  union  and 
the  friends  of  the  otlier  advise  against  it ;  and  the  mutual 
friends  of  both  could  only  say,  "It  is  desirable  to  one  and 
undesirable  to  tlio  other  ;  we  cannot  adnse  ;  your  own  hearts 
must  decide  the  matter." 

Now,  I  have  come  before  you  to-night  to  show  you  that  there 
may  bo  something  in  my  researches  of  benefit  to  you  ;  I  want 
also  to  assure  you  that  there  is  nothing  of  harm.  I  want  to 
disabuse  your  minds  entirely  of  the  idea  that  I  intend  or  de- 
sire to  interfere  with  your  perfect  liberty  of  choice.  I  claim 
the  right  to  advise  you  as  I  would  advise  my  own  children,  or 
any  young  people  in  whom  I  feel  an  interest.  In  this  matter 
my  views  coincide  very  closely  with  those  recently  expressed 
by  President  Gallaudet  through  the  columns  of  Science. 
You  have  to  live  in  a  v.-orld  of  hearing  and  speaking  people, 
and  everything  that  will  help  you  to  mingle  with  hearing  and 
speakinp;  people  will  promote  your  welfare  and  happiness.  A 
hera-iug  jiartner  will  wed  you  to  the  hearing  world  and  be  of 
inestimable  value  to  you  in  all  the  relations  of  life.  Not  only 
will  your  own  success  in  Ufa  be  thereby  increased,  but  the 
welfare  of  your  children  will  be  materially  promoted.  It  is 
surely  to  the  interests  of  children,  both  deaf  and  hearing,  that 
one  at  least  of  their  parents  should  hear. 

I  would,  therefore,  hold  before  you  as  the  ideal  marriage  a 
marriage  with  a  hearing  ])erson.  Do  not  let  any  one  place  in 
your  minds  the  idea  that  such  a  marriage  cannot  be  a  happy 
one.  Do  not  let  any  one  make  you  believe  that  you  cannot 
find  a  hearing  person  who  will  treat  you  as  an  equal.  The 
chances  are  inlinitely  in  your  favor  that  out  of  the  millions  of 
hearing  persons  in  this  country  you  may  be  able  to  find  one 
with  whom  you  may  bo  happy  than  that  you  should  find  one 
among  the  smaller  numbers  of  the  deaf. 

I  think  the  sentiment  is  hurtful  that  makes  you  believe  you 
can  only  be  happy  with  a  doaf  companion.  That  is  a  mistake, 
and  I  believe  a  grave  one.  I  would  have  you  believe  that  the 
welfare  of  yourself  and  your  children  will  be  greatly  promoted 
by  marriage  with  a  hearing  partner,  if  you  can  find  one  with 
whom  you  can  be  happy. 

And  now,  my  friends,  I  must  thank  you  very  much  for  the 
attentive  way  in  which  you  have  listened  to  me,  and  I  hope 


■^  'C;'>^S^'"-*»s^**Sfefi*'»''''^ 


.  vt)|!*«Sa*-'»At«iiKiP*»»V*"-i^ 


13 


i 


that  you  will  all  dispel  from  your  minds  any  idea  that  I  intend 
to  interfere  with  your  liberty  of  marriage.  I  know  that  very 
grave  misconceptions  of  my  position  and  views  Imvc  boon  cir- 
ciUated  during  the  past  few  years  among  the  dctf.  I  have 
before  me  to-night  an  audience  composed  of  the  brightest  and 
most  intelligent  minds  among  the  deaf,  and  I  want  you  to 
help  me  in  dispelling  these  ideas. 

These  misconceptions  have  arisen  chiefly,  I  think,  h'om  too 
great  reliance  upon  newspaper  stories  and  second-hand  in- 
formation. The  newspapers  seem  to  know  a  good  deal  more 
about  my  ojiinions  and  views  than  I  do  myself,  and  I  am 
constantly  seeing  items  about  myself  that  have  utterly  no  basis 
in  fact.  Only  a  few  weeks  ago  I  read  in  a  newspaper  a  long 
report  of  an  interview  with  me  that  never  took  jtJaee  !  The 
substance  of  that  article  has  since  been  copied  from  paper  to 
paper  all  over  the  United  States.  I  hajipened  to  be  suifering 
from  a  slight  headache  'vhen  the  reporter  called  at  my  hotel,  and 
I  thought  this  wouh^  r fiord  a  good  excuse  for  avoiding  an 
interview.  I  therefore  sent  my  compliments  to  the  reporter 
and  begged  to  be  excused.  He  went  away,  and  I  thought  that 
that  was  the  end  of  the  matter.  Alas !  no.  Next  morning  I 
found  myself  in  the  paper,  in  large  capitals,  giving  forth 
opiiiions  relating  to  the  education  of  the  deaf  that  I  had 
never  expressed ! 

Now,  I  would  impress  upon  your  minds  the  fact  that  if  you 
want  to  do  a  man  justice,  you  should  believe  tohat  a  man  sai/.i 
himself,  rather  than  ichat  people  say  he  says.  There  is  no 
miin  in  America,  I  think,  wlio  has  been  more  interviewed  l)y 
newspaper  reporters  than  I  have,  and  I  can  assure  you  that 
I  have  never  yet  seen  a  report  of  an  interview  with  mo  that  was 
free  from  error. 

But  now  I  begin  to  bo  afraid  of  you,  for  you  are  the  interviewers 
in  this  case,  and  I  wonder  how  I  shall  be  re2)orted  by  you  in 
the  newspapers  of  the  deaf.  I  am  talking  to  you  by  word  of 
mouth,  while  my  friend.  Prof.  Fay,  is  translating  what  I  say 
into  the  sign  language.  Then  by  and  by  you  will  translate 
it  all  back  again  into  English  for  the  benefit  of  your  deaf  friends 
in  distant  parts.  You  are  the  interviewers  this  time,  and  I 
fear  you  are  just  as  liable  to  make  errors  of  statement  as  the 
ordinary  newspaper  reporter.  I  have,  therefore,  brought  witii 
me  to-night  a  gentleman  who  has  taken  a  stenographic  account 
of  all  that  I  am  saying  to  you.     I  will  look  over  his  notes  and 


14 

correct  them,  and  then  it  will  afford  me  i^leasure  to  present 
evcrv  member  of  the  Literary  Society  with  a  printed  copy  of 
my  remiuks.  Allow  me,  therefore,  to  request  the  correspond- 
ents of  distant  i^apers  kindly  to  reserve  their  notes  of  my 
remarks  until  they  can  get  my  own  words  in  black  and  white. 
I  must  thank  you  very  much  for  the  attention  with  which 
you  have  listened  to  me,  and  in  conclusion  I  would  simply  say 
that  if  any  one  here  desires  to  ask  me  questions  upon  the 
subject  of  my  address,  I  shall  be  happy  to  do  my  best  to 
reply. 


I 


sSaiafeiWSt-'^ 


lent 

y  of 

•nd- 
my 

lite. 

lich 
say 
the 

b  to 


APPENDIX. 


CONSANGUINEOUS  MARRIACHS. 


!     t 
i 


1336  Nineteenth  Stheet,  Wahhinoton,  D.  C, 

May  22.  1891. 

Hon.  John  Hitz, 

Superintendent  of  the  Volta  Bureau, 

3414  Q  Street,  WaMngton,  J).  C. 

Deab  Sir  :  I  am  glad  to  know  that  my  address  on  Marriage 
has  been  so  widely  appreciated  that  a  second  edition  has  be- 
come necessary. 

I  learn  from  your  communication  of  the  first  instant  that  the 
members  of  the  Literary  Society  of  the  National  Deaf-Mute 
College  desire  to  ascertain  my  views  on  the  subject  of  con- 
sanguineous marriage. 

In  cases  where  a  number  of  deaf  persons  are  found  in  the 
same  family,  I  have  no  doubt  that  a  consanguineous  marriage 
would  result  in  an  increased  tendency  to  deafness  in  the  off- 
spring. But  I  do  not  think  that  an  increased  liability  to  deaf- 
ness would  result  from  a  consanguineous  marriage  in  a  family 
in  which  there  is  only  one  deaf  person,  not  born  deaf  (Class  1, 
p.  8). 

I  do  not  look  upon  a  consanguineous  marriage  as  a  cause  of 
deafness,  but  as  a  means  of  increasing  and  intensifying  the 
defect  where  a  tendency  to  deafness  already  exists.  We  have 
no  proof  that  a  consanguineous  marriage  produces  deafness  in 
a  family  which  has  hitherto  been  free  from  the  defect. 

This  subject  was  considered  by  the  Census  Committee  ap- 
pointed by  the  Jackson  (Miss.)  Conference  (1888) ;  and  in  their 
report  (see  Annals,  vol.  xxxiv,  pages  232-236)  the  commit- 
tee made  the  following  recommendation  to  the  Superintendent 
of  the  Eleventh  Census  (1890) : 


£1   I 


16 

"  An  iinpreswiou  is  proviilt'iit  tlmt  (l.'itfiicss,  hliiKliiPss, 
"  idiocy,  and  insunity  nn>  often  duo  to  conMaii^iiinity  in  tho 
"  pnrentH,  and  statistics  have  lim>n  colUM'ted  wliich  sliow  tlmt 
"  ft  considuraliit'  i>cri>i'iita>,'i'  of  tlie  deaf,  Idind.  idiotic,  mid 
"  insane  arc  tl'c  cliildi-cii  of  first  cousins.  These  statistics, 
"  liowevcr,  can  l>e  of  little  value  in  delcriuinin^'  tlic  (pu'H- 
"  tions  involved  until  we  Icnow  what  pereenta^'e  of  the  j^en- 
"  eral  population  arc  the  otTspriuK  of  nuch  unions.  We 
"  therefore  rcconnncii.l  that  in  scheduh'  numl)er  one  the 
o  ([ucstion  lie  asked  :  Were  the  (larcnts  of  tliis  person  first 
"  cousiiiH  y" 

Unforfcuuiitcly,  thiw  recoinmeiuktioii  of  the  coiiunittee  was 
not  iuloi)te(l  by  the  ceiisiiH  iiutboritieH,  so  that  we  Htill  hwk  the 
comparative  data  which  wouhl  make  our  statisticH  rehiting  to 
the  deaf  of  vaUie.  I  can  only,  therefore",  Htate  what  a])pear 
to  me  wouhl  be  the  probable  results  of  marriage  with  a  blood 
relative. 

PROBABLE    KESULTS. 

1.  A  deaf  person,  not  born  deaf,  who  has  no  deaf 

relatives  (Class  1,  p.  8),  will  probably  not  in- 
crease his  hability  to  have  deaf  offspring  by 
marrying  a  blood  relative. 

2.  A  deaf  person,  born  deaf,  who  has  no  deaf 

relatives  (Class  3,  p.  8),  will  probal)ly  in- 
crease his  liability  to  have  deaf  oilspring  by 
marrying  a  blood  relative. 

3.  A  deaf  person,  whether  born  deaf  or  not,  who 

Jias  deaf  relatives  (Classes  2  and  4,  p.  8), 
will  probably  increase  his  liability  to  have 
deaf  offspring  by  marrying  a  blood  relative, 
especially  if  that  relative  should  happen  to 
be  on  the  deaf  side  of  the  family.  For  ex- 
ample :  If  his  father  has  deaf  relatives,  and 
his  mother  has  none,  he  will  b?  more  hkely 
to  have  deaf  offspring  if  he  marries  a  relative 
of  his  father  than  if  he  marries  a  relative  of 
his  mother. 

The  laws  of  heredity  seem  to  indicate  thnt  a  consanguineous 
marriage  increases  or  intensifies  in  tha  offspring  whateve."  pecu- 
liarities exist  in  the  family.  If  a  family  is  characterized  by  the 
large  proportion  of  persons  who  enjoy  good  health  and  live  to 
old    age  with    unimpaired  faculties,   then    a  consanguineous 


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17 


mairiaf,'o  in  hucIi  a  fiiniily  would  jirohaljly  he  bcnclicial,  by 
increasing,'  and  intiMisifyiiig  tlicsc  desirable  characteristics  in 
the  olVspriug.  On  tiie  other  haml,  if  a  large  proportion  of  the 
nn^nibers  of  a  family  betray  weakiiess  of  constitution — for 
exaiiqile :  If  many  of  the  children  die  in  infancy,  and  a  large 
jiroporti'^n  oi  the  others  siiH'er  from  ill  health,  only  a  few  living 
to  olil  age  with  imjiaired  faculties — then  a  consanguineouM  mar- 
riage in  such  a  family  would  i)robably  be  hurtful  to  tin  oil' 
sjiring.  A  large  jiroportion  of  the  children  woiiM  proiiaiily 
die  in  infancy,  and  the  survivors  be  subject  to  some  form  of 
constitutionid  weakness 

As  tliere  ar«'  few  families  entirely  free  from  constitutional  de 
tecis  of  some  kind,  a  prud(>nt  person  would  do  well  to  avoid  a 
consanguini'ous  marriage  in  any  (rase,  not  necessarily  on  ac- 
count  of  deafness,  l)ut  on  account  of  the  danger  of  weakeninf^ 
the  constitution  of  the  otl'spring.  Remoteness  of  blood  is  emi 
iK'iitly  favorable  to  the  production  of  vigorous  otl'spring,  and 
those  deaf  persons  who  have  many  relatives  deaf  woidd  greatly 
diminish  their  liability  to  have  deaf  offspring  by  marrying  per- 
sons very  remote  in  blood  from  themselves. 

Children,  I  think,  tend  to  revert  to  the  type  of  the  common 
ancestors  of  their  parents.  If  thc^  nearest  common  ancestors 
are  very  far  back  in  the  line  of  ancestry  the  children  tend  to 
revert  to  the  common  type  of  the  race.  Deafness  and  other 
defects  would  be  most  likely  to  disapp(!ar  from  a  family  by 
mirriage  with  a  person  f)f  dilt'erent  nationality.  English,  Irisli, 
bcotch.  German,  Scandinavian,  and  Russian  blood  seems  to 
mingle  l)eneticiallv  witii  the  Anglo-Saxon  Anieiican,  aiiparently 
producing  increased  vigor  in  the  otl'spring. 

I  trust  these  sugestions  may  l)e  of  service  to  our  deaf  frieudb. 

Yours,  very  truly, 

ALEXANDER  GRAHAM  BELL. 


mgumeouH 
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